Radionuclides contamination poses a significant threat to environmental health. This contamination matrix can have detrimental effects on ecosystems, including the loss of biodiversity, disruption of food chains, environmental degradation and genetic mutations in plants and animals. In addition, exposure to radioactive contaminants can increase the risk of cancer, congenital disabilities, and other health problems in humans. This necessitated a comprehensive review of radionuclide elements, key substances, sources, properties, decay constants, decay rate, half-life, dose-response relationship, exposure pathways, measuring techniques, recoded accidents, human activities, detection and remediation techniques, policies, regulations and models on radioactive contaminants. This study employed a qualitative research approach, focusing on a review of existing literature on radionuclide contamination and assessment approaches. The literature review included peer-review articles, research reports, and publications related to radioactive assessment. Analysis of the literature aimed to identify common themes and trends in the assessment of radionuclide contamination. The findings revealed several key issues in the assessment of radionuclide contamination, including the lack of standardized assessment protocols, limited availability of data on radionuclide contamination, and the challenges in predicting the long-term effects of radioactive materials on environmental health. Moreover, it was noted that some radionuclides have half-lives of thousands of years, indicating long-term persistence that can make it difficult to remediate contaminated sites and mitigate the impacts of environmental radioactive contamination. The study suggests that addressing these issues can improve the accuracy and reliability of radioactive assessment, ultimately leading to better protection of environmental health from the impacts of radionuclide contamination.